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A voiced velar nasal, also known as eng, engma, or agma (from Greek ἆγμα 'fragment'), is a type of sound used in some spoken . It is the sound of ng in English si ng as well as n before velar consonants as in E nglish and i nk. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is similar to , the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to , the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.
While almost all languages have and as , is rarer.. The oral counterparts are found together in almost all languages Half of the 469 languages surveyed in had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is extremely common among Australian Aboriginal languages, languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English language. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, , can be realized as either or .
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian language, in which is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar even before velar consonants.
Some languages have a pre-velar nasal,Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal". which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have a post-velar nasal,Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular". which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.
| rtl=yes / | Allophone of before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Allophone of before velar consonants | |
| Allophone of in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause. | |
| See Cantonese phonology | |
| See Catalan phonology | |
| See Czech phonology | |
| See Danish phonology | |
| See Dutch phonology | |
| Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
| Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before . See Finnish phonology | |
| Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology | |
| For many speakers, acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan language substrate. | |
| See Standard German phonology | |
| Allophone of before and in colloquial or fast speech. | |
| See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Allophone of before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| See Sephardi Hebrew | |
| See Hindustani phonology | |
| Urdu alphabet]] / | |
| Rang | |
| Allophone of before . See Hungarian phonology | |
| See Icelandic phonology | |
| Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | |
| Allophone of before and . See Italian phonology | |
| See Japanese phonology | |
| 'key' | |
| Additional caused by vowel after sounding | |
| Occurs only before , and . | |
| See Khmer phonology | |
| See Korean phonology | |
| See Kurdish phonology | |
| Sorani alphabet]] / ce ng | |
| Southern Kurdish | |
| See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Occurs as an allophone of before and . | |
| See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |
| See Terengganu Malay | |
| Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology | |
| See Marathi phonology | |
| See Nepali phonology | |
| has merged with in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops. | |
| See Norwegian phonology | |
| Allophone of before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects. | |
| Arabic script]] / | |
| Allophone of before velar plosives. See Persian phonology | |
| Allophone of before ; post-palatal before . See Polish phonology | |
| Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of before and , when the speaker does not delete the by fusing it with the preceding vowel. | |
| Sometimes written in Rapanui | |
| Allophone of before in Standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Allophone of before . See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Allophone of before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
| Allophone of in word-final position regardless of what follows. | |
| See Swedish phonology | |
| 'knife' | |
| 'here' | |
| Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop | |
| See Tupian phonology | |
| See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Word-final allophone of lenis |
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